March 1-2 Potential Winter Storm

Model guidance has been indicating a winter storm will track across the middle of the country, bringing accumulating snow to those further south of where much of the wintry weather has occurred this winter.

Tropical Tidbits

The image above shows the GFS forecast for precipitation type and intensity, valid for Sunday night. We see light to moderate, possibly even heavy snow falling across the Midwest, Great Lakes, and Ohio Valley. A classic signal of winter finally on its way out, the rain/snow line is displaced pretty far north in comparison to where it has been in recent days and weeks, with rain being a concern in southern Illinois into southern Ohio. A bit of mixed precipitation could impact those in the central Plains.

Instant Weather Maps

Snowfall projections have been waving back and forth with the axis of heaviest accumulations, but the latest GFS pegs a swath of 6-10" accumulations across the central Plains into the Midwest and central Great Lakes, with Kansas, northern Missouri, central Illinois and northern Indiana receiving the most snow.

To summarize:

- Model guidance is anticipating a winter storm to affect the country over the next few days.
- Snowfall on the order of 6-10" may be expected.
- While the track of this storm is still not nailed down yet, the central Plains and Midwest ought to see the most intense snow accumulations.

Andrew 

Second Round of Harsh Arctic Air Flowing Southward

The second round of intense cold air in under a week is on the way for millions in the Northern United States.

Tropical Tidbits
Click images to enlarge

The above image shows the latest GFS model forecast for Monday morning. On this chart, we see temperatures in the negative-teens across Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. The most intense cold is projected to hit northern Wisconsin and southwestern Michigan, but that doesn't take away from the cold in the other aforementioned areas.

Tropical Tidbits

The GEM model, with its notorious cold bias, agrees with the GFS model. Here, we see a swath of bone-chilling cold in southern Minnesota and Iowa, where temperatures are forecasted to approach -30 degrees. This is more than likely overdone, but the general trend of very cold temperatures similar to the GFS stands in Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and even into the Dakotas.

Other model guidance, mainly the NAM model, is favoring a warmer solution than the two depicted above. It comes out to the GFS/GEM models and their ensembles, against the NAM/SREF models/ensembles. The National Weather Service appears to be favoring the NAM model / warmer forecast, even though morning observations in the Dakotas and Minnesota support a more GFS-like evolution. Regardless of what happens, another very cold morning is in store tomorrow.

To summarize:

- Another bout of harsh Arctic air is on the move south.
- Temperatures could drop into the negative-teens in some spots.
- Uncertainty still exists with how cold it will get.

Andrew 

Long Range Outlook (Made February 19, 2015)

This is the updated long range outlook, made on February 19th, and valid for late February into the first half of March.

Tropical Tidbits
Click to enlarge

We're currently seeing a portion of the semi-permanent Arctic low pressure vortex intruding into the United States, with anomalously low 500mb geopotential height values appearing in the colored shadings and analysis in the graphic above. This anomaly has been forced by a strong ridge pushing into Alaska from the northeast Pacific and west coast of North America. Over the next few days, cold air intrusions should continue as this ridge flexes its muscles and persuades additional Arctic air masses to collapse into the lower latitudes.

ESRL

I want to now go over the teleconnections over the next two weeks, which can help us diagnose the pattern heading into the 14-31 day period.

Top left: PNA Forecast
Top right: NAO Forecast
Bottom left: WPO Forecast
Bottom right: EPO Forecast

A quick refresher on the PNA, NAO, WPO and EPO...
The Pacific North American index involves what the atmosphere does in the northeast Pacific and the western coast of North America. When we see a stormy pattern in place over these regions, we call such a pattern a negative PNA, due to the below normal height anomalies in this region. In a similar sense, when high pressure dominates that same region, we call that a positive PNA. A negative PNA will bend the jet stream to give the storms to the Plains and the Deep South regions, frequently initiating high pressure system formations over the Central US. A Positive PNA will bring about an opposite response to high pressure (HP) over the West, and will have the stormy pattern evolve over the East US.

The North Atlantic Oscillation involves the presence of a high pressure system over Greenland (negative NAO) or the presence of a low pressure system over Greenland (positive NAO). In the negative NAO, the jet stream will buckle into the Northeast to allow storms and cold to thrive in that region. The positive NAO denies this region any of these benefits.

The WPO (West Pacific Oscillation) and EPO (East Pacific Oscillation) are very closely related. In the negative phase of the WPO, a strong ridge exists over the Bering Sea, which can allow for sustained cold weather in the Central and Eastern United States. The negative phase of the EPO gives similar results, though the ridge is positioned in the Gulf of Alaska instead. The positive phase of both the EPO and WPO see warm weather prevail in much of the US, as stormy weather replaces the ridges in each respective region.

The positive PNA and negative EPO have worked in tandem to indicate this strong ridge blossoming into the Gulf of Alaska and general northeast Pacific. In the upcoming couple of weeks, model guidance is indicating we see the ridge shift further offshore to the west, as the PNA dip from positive to negative shows. Over time, ensemble guidance is telling us that this ridge could keep shifting west, resulting in the EPO actually moving positive for the first time in a while. The positive EPO signal, however, is weak, and will have to be watched for a 'false positive', both literally and metaphorically. If this forecast does verify, we can expect a warm-up in the early days of March.

Tropical Tidbits

Ensembles indicate we will see a ridge of high pressure pushing into Japan on the morning of February 21, as the graphic above shows. Using the Typhoon Rule, which states weather phenomena occurring in Japan is reciprocated in the United States 6-10 days later, we can anticipate a warm-up for millions that have undergone a brutal February in the final days of the month, likely into early March. From there, confidence decreases, but a return to an average or cooler than normal pattern may be expected.

You'll notice I haven't used tropical forcing in this post; that's because the ridge in the West is just so overpowering that the Madden Julian Oscillation can't do much of anything.

To summarize:

- A cold pattern is expected to round out February.
- A warm-up is expected for the last days of the month into early March.
- The first half of March should be characterized by a generally average to slightly below-average temperature pattern. There are hints of some stormy weather in early March.

Andrew

Chicago, Milwaukee Bracing for Severe Arctic Cold

Midwestern cities such as Chicago and Milwaukee are bracing for cold that could drop temperatures well into the double-digit negatives. This sort of cold has been seen recently east of Lake Michigan, but will make its first appearance of the month in more western regions this workweek.

Tropical Tidbits
Click images to enlarge

The above image shows the latest GFS model forecast for air temperatures on Thursday morning at 6AM, fresh off the presses. We see temperatures near Madison, Wisconsin plummeting to -15 degrees Fahrenheit, with Minneapolis seeing similar readings. Chicago looks to be under the gun for -10 to -15 degree temperatures, while Springfield, IL may see relatively warmer values.
There is model discrepancy with respect to how cold this air mass will be. The GFS model is favoring a much colder solution, as we see above, while the short-range NAM model (not shown) is favoring a warmer solution. One model has to cave at some point; it's a waiting game to figure out which one. For now, better safe than sorry.

Tropical Tidbits

Friday morning is the tricky forecast for these Midwestern cities. Skies will be clear for swaths of the Midwest, and with much of the area under a snow pack, temperatures could drop even lower than Thursday morning readings. However, in addition to the NAM model favoring a warmer air mass, warm air advection will be ongoing across the Plains into the Midwest. Discrepancies remain with respect to how fast this warmer air will push into the Midwest, and how intense it will be. For now, I'm taking more of a wait-and-see approach, but preparing for the worst. Again, better safe than sorry.

Purely for eye candy, as in this will not verify, check out the Canadian model air temperature forecast for Friday morning.

Tropical Tidbits

To summarize:

- The Midwest may undergo its most severe wave of cold weather this season, with cities such as Chicago, Milwaukee and Minneapolis going below the -10 degree F benchmark.
- Unusually high uncertainty still exists surrounding the intensity of this cold air on both Thursday and Friday. Any updates to this post will be made on either our Facebook or Twitter pages.

Andrew

February 15-19 Potential Snowstorm and Ice Storm

The February 15 through 19 period is increasing in likelihood that we will see a winter storm, potentially with an ice storm component.

Tropical Tidbits
Click images to enlarge

The image above shows the GFS forecast for precipitation type over the United States for the morning of February 16th. Here, we see precipitation breaking out over the Southern Plains and along the Gulf Coast as a low pressure system advects northeast-ward. In this forecast, we see a snow shield placed from southern Illinois into Missouri, Arkansas, and the Tennessee/Kentucky area, with rain blossoming in Texas, Louisiana, and southern Mississippi. We also see a rather broad swath of sleet, potentially freezing rain in southeast Oklahoma, central Arkansas, and northern Mississippi. This freezing rain/sleet delineation could prove to be a serious issue for those in the South, especially with memories of the ice storm from last year still fresh.

Tropical Tidbits

By the evening of February 16th, the low pressure system responsible for this precipitation is trekking along the Gulf Coast, located along the Mississippi/Alabama border in this graphic. A rain shield encompasses Louisiana, Mississippi, and a good chunk of both Alabama and Georgia. Snow is falling in eastern Tennessee, the western Carolinas, and extreme western Virginia, with a small band of freezing rain / sleet in northern Mississippi and Georgia. It's encouraging to see the freezing rain shield shrink from our last image, but as freezing rain is so tricky to predict, I wouldn't take that part of this forecast verbatim.

Tropical Tidbits

By early morning on February 18th, the storm has transferred offshore and is beginning to strengthen over warm waters along the coast of the East US. Snow continues to fall in much of North and South Carolina, with rain prevailing in southern Georgia and much of Florida. Heavier bands of snow are already impacting coastline locations in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast, with New Jersey on the northern fringe of this heavy snow shield. From there, the storm continues north and east.

Snow accumulation charts are unreliable in this case, as some methods for snowfall will accidentally count freezing rain and sleet as snow, unrealistically amplifying snow totals. Thus, it would be unwise to show a snow total chart for those in Arkansas, where that unrealistic amplification of totals is likely to occur.

WxCaster

I want to now look at the forecasted freezing rain accumulation chart from the short-range NAM model over the Eastern US. In this chart, we can see where freezing rain is most likely to occur. Again, because freezing rain is so hard to predict in advance, take this with a relative grain of salt. Regardless, let's see who may be affected. The highest freezing rain totals appear in western South Carolina, where accumulations of 0.50" to 0.75" could be found. Significant accumulations of 0.25" to 0.50" extend through the rest of the Carolinas, and isolated spots of similar totals stretch back through northern Mississippi, Georgia and Alabama, all the way to southern Arkansas. While you shouldn't expect to see this chart verify exactly as-is, it gives you a good idea as to who may be affected by freezing rain from this storm.

To summarize:

- A storm system in the Southern US looks to bring wintry precipitation to states such as Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and the Carolinas.
- Accumulating snowfall is possible, particularly in Tennessee and Kentucky.
- Accumulating freezing rain is possible, particularly in southern Arkansas, northern Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas.

Andrew